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Unit 1 of 4 · BCA Sem 2

Unit 1: Internet basics and introductory HTML

Web Technologies notes · PTU syllabus (UGSEC2505)

3 min read4 topics9 exam questions
On this page
  1. Unit summary
  2. Internet basics
  3. HTML tags
  4. Structure of an HTML document
  5. Text formatting, headings and colours
  6. Key terms
  7. Quick revision
  8. Important questions

Unit summary

Every website is built on the internet and written in HTML. This unit explains how the internet and the web work — domains, servers and browsers — and introduces HTML: its tags, the structure of a document, and how to format text, headings and colours.

After this unit you can

  • Explain the internet, the World Wide Web, domains and how a browser gets a page
  • Distinguish paired and singular HTML tags
  • Write the basic structure of an HTML document
  • Format text using heading, style and colour tags

PTU syllabus topics

  • Internet fundamentals
  • domains and connectivity
  • HTML tags (paired and singular)
  • document head/body
  • title and footer
  • text formatting
  • heading styles
  • text styles
  • HTML color coding
ProcessHow a web page reaches you
  1. 1Type a URL

    Browser asks DNS for the server's IP address

  2. 2Request

    Browser sends an HTTP request

  3. 3Response

    Server returns HTML, CSS, JS and images

  4. 4Render

    Browser builds and displays the page

1

Topic 1

Internet basics

The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that communicate using the TCP/IP protocols. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a service on the internet made of linked web pages accessed through HTTP/HTTPS.

ProcessHow a web page reaches you
  1. 1Type a URL

    https://www.sbs.ac.in

  2. 2DNS lookup

    Domain name translated to an IP address

  3. 3Request

    Browser sends an HTTP request to the web server

  4. 4Response

    Server sends back HTML, CSS, JS and images

  5. 5Render

    Browser displays the page

  • Domain name: a readable address (sbs.ac.in). Top-level domains include .com, .org, .edu, .in, .ac.in.
  • Connectivity: dial-up (old), broadband, fibre, mobile data (4G/5G) and Wi-Fi, provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider).
  • Web browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge) requests and displays pages; a web server stores and serves them.
2

Topic 2

HTML tags

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) describes the structure of a web page using tags in angle brackets.

ComparisonPaired vs singular tags
Paired (container) tags
Singular (empty) tags

Structure

Opening and closing tag

Only one tag

Content

Wraps content

No content

Examples

<p>…</p>, <b>…</b>, <h1>…</h1>

<br>, <hr>, <img>

Attributes give extra information inside the opening tag: <img src="logo.png" alt="SBS logo">.

3

Topic 3

Structure of an HTML document

html<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My First Page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Welcome to SBS</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
    <footer>Copyright 2026</footer>
  </body>
</html>
  • <head> holds information about the page (title, meta tags, CSS links) — not shown in the page body.
  • <title> appears on the browser tab.
  • <body> holds everything visible on the page.
4

Topic 4

Text formatting, headings and colours

TagEffect
<h1> to <h6>Headings, largest to smallest
<p>Paragraph
<br> / <hr>Line break / horizontal rule
<b> or <strong>Bold (strong also means importance)
<i> or <em>Italic (em also means emphasis)
<u>Underline
<sup> / <sub>Superscript / subscript
<pre>Preformatted text (keeps spaces)

Colours can be written as names (red), hexadecimal codes (#FF0000) or RGB values (rgb(255, 0, 0)). In modern HTML they are applied with CSS: <p style="color:#0b6b3a">Green text</p>.

Exam tip

Hex colour codes use pairs for red, green and blue from 00 to FF: #000000 is black and #FFFFFF is white.

Key terms

Internet
A global network of networks using TCP/IP
WWW
A system of linked web pages on the internet
Domain name
A human-readable address of a website
HTML
The markup language that structures web pages
Attribute
Extra information inside an opening tag

Quick revision

  • URL → DNS → HTTP request → server response → browser renders.
  • Paired tags wrap content; singular tags don't.
  • head = information; body = visible content.
  • h1 is largest, h6 smallest; colours by name, hex or RGB.

Important exam questions

Practice questions written to the PTU exam pattern for this unit's syllabus: short answers (Section A style) and long answers (Sections B and C style).

Short-answer questions

  1. Q1.Differentiate between the internet and the WWW.
  2. Q2.What is a domain name? Give two top-level domains.
  3. Q3.Differentiate between paired and singular tags.
  4. Q4.What is the purpose of the head tag?
  5. Q5.Write the hex code for white and black.
  6. Q6.What is the use of the pre tag?

Long-answer questions

  1. Q1.Explain how a web page is requested and displayed, covering DNS, HTTP, servers and browsers.
  2. Q2.Explain the basic structure of an HTML document with an example.
  3. Q3.Explain the text formatting and heading tags of HTML with examples.

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